Week 8

CITATION & DOCUMENTING INFORMATION SOURCES

Why Source Integration?

— Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

◦ provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing

◦ refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

◦ give examples of several points of view on a subject

◦ call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

◦ highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original

◦ distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

◦ expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Choosing Text to Integrate

1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.
3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.
4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

Summarizing

— When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).

◦ Summarized ideas must be attributed to the original source.

◦ Summaries are significantly shorter than the original.

◦ Summaries take a broad overview of source material.

◦ Instead of using many direct quotations in an essay, it is better to paraphrase and summarize your sources whenever possible.

◦ Use your own words.

◦ Do not use quotation marks.

◦ State only the most important idea or fact.

◦ Use as few words as possible

Paraphrasing

— Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.

◦ Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.

◦ Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same length as the original passage.

◦ Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source and condense it slightly.

◦ Use paraphrasing as an alternative to direct quotation. It can be used for short passages.

◦ Use your own words.

◦ Keep all the details of the original.

◦ Cite the source and the date.

◦ Do NOT use quotation marks

Example:

Ø Direct quotation:

Martin Stephen (1998) says that "a huge purpose built campus means that everyone is guaranteed accommodation in the first year."

Ø Paraphrase:

The specially built campus is very large so all first year students can live there (Stephen, 1998)

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Quoting

— Use the author's words exactly.

— Use quotation marks only for short quotations.

— If your quotation has more than 40 words do not use quotation marks. Indent quotations of more than 40 words.

— Give the year of publication in parentheses after the writer’s name and the page number at the end of the quotation, OR the writer's name, year of publication, page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Don’t forget to put a period AFTER the parentheses not before.

— Quotations must be identical to the original.

— Quotations use a narrow segment of the source.

— They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

— Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the discussion that they cannot be replaced.

— Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.

Quotations from books.

Ø Example 1:

Olweus (1999) says that "Many studies have shown that both children and adults behave more aggressively after having observed someone else, a ‘model’ acting aggressively" (p. 43).

Ø Example 2:

"Many studies have shown that both children and adults behave more aggressively after having observed someone else, a ‘model’ acting aggressively" (Olweus, 1999, p. 43).

Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation

— Signal Phrases and In-Text CitationSignal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.

— In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).

— A simple rule:

Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.

Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)

Ø Signal Phrases

. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).

" . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).

Ø In-Text Citation

In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).

Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).

According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).

Ø Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)

Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have shown that . . .

Ø No Author

("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).

According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991) … end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).

Ø No Page Number

Provide other information in signal phrase

Ø Internet newspaper/journal quotations.

Example 1:

"More flexibility in primary teaching may also see many great names and important events dropped from the National Curriculum" (Cassidy, 2000).

Example 2:

Cassidy (2000) says that "Historians fear the move will lower standards and stop the development of innovative courses".

Ø An article with no writer's name. (Write the first 2 words of the title)

Example:

"The country's top comprehensive with its 98% rating for top grade GCSEs is a rather unusual one" (Top of, 1998).

Ø An article by a government agency. (Write the first 2 words of the title. If there is no title, write the name of the agency. Example: (DirectGov, 2008))

Example:

Two thirds of all bullying is verbal, and increasingly this happens in un-moderated chat rooms or by instant messaging, or via text messages on mobile phones. Bullying can be subtle but most of the time, if your child is being bullied, they know who is doing it to them. (Dealing With, 2008)